• Both progesterone and the calcium ionophore A rely

  2019-10-23

  

  Both progesterone and the calcium ionophore A23187 rely on the synthesis of cAMP by sAC to elicit exocytosis in human sperm (Fig. 2E-H and [8], [60]). We had reported earlier that digestion of endogenous cAMP with recombinant cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 4D [9] or inhibition of its synthesis with

• br Regulation of cadherin switching The downregulation

  2019-10-23

  

  Regulation of cadherin switching The downregulation of E-cadherin during cadherin switching is induced by multiple mechanisms, including methylation of the E-cadherin promoter and signaling pathways that activate E-cadherin-suppressing transcription factors [[61], [62], [63]]. During the progress

• At present there have been relatively few studies that evalu

  2019-10-23

  

  At present, there have been relatively few studies that evaluated potential correlations between pulmonary and pleura metastases, hilar and mediastinal aldehyde dehydrogenase nodes, and organs associated with distant metastasis and EGFR mutations [33,34,37]. Further research on these relationships i

• br Conflicts of interest br Acknowledgements br Introduction

  2019-10-23

  

  Conflicts of interest Acknowledgements Introduction Atherosclerosis is the number one cause of death in the United States and among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally [1]. Inflammation is critical in all stages of atherosclerosis from the formation of a plaque in the ves

• The UPP broadly involves proteolysis in biochemical processe

  2019-10-23

  

  The UPP broadly involves proteolysis in biochemical processes and is a potential target for cancer therapy. The UPP degrades unfolding or damaged proteins by an ATP-dependent mechanism (Ciechanover, Elias, Heller, Ferber, & Hershko, 1980). It also plays an important role in Florfenicol regulation,

• The intracellular redox situation of

  2019-10-23

  

  The intracellular redox situation of MC3T3-E1 LJI308 synthesis after exposure with fluoride has been investigated and results revealed that the generation of ROS increased at a concentration-dependent manner, which indicated that NaF induced oxidative stress damage in MC3T3-E1 cells. Fluoride-media

• br Ubiquitylation of the TGF

  2019-10-23

  

  Ubiquitylation of the TGFβ/BMP pathway components Ubiquitylation is a reversible post-translational modification that is essential in many cellular regulatory mechanisms [20], [21]. During the ubiquitylation cascade, ubiquitin is attached to target proteins through the concerted actions of an E1-

• The first hint that GLP might

  2019-10-23

  

  The first hint that GLP-1 might not be completely stable came from a meeting abstract in 1992, reporting that GLP-1 could be degraded in plasma incubations [16], although the enzyme(s) involved was not identified. A year later, Mentlein and colleagues [17], in a search for peptide substrates of the

• Diabetic retinopathy is a chronic inflammatory disease

  2019-10-23

  

  Diabetic retinopathy is a chronic inflammatory disease. Local inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathological development and progression of this disease [24]. In addition to TNF-α, several other cytokines, chemokines, and other factors such as IL-1β, IL-6, and C-reactive protein have been ind

• br Introduction Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma ESCC is o

  2019-10-22

  

  Introduction Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common types of cancer in East Asia and is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide.1, 2 Surgery is widely used for treatment in localized disease, where it can provide definitive management and potential cure. Tre

• Fatty acid oxidation plays a

  2019-10-22

  

  Fatty gallic acid β-oxidation plays a crucial role in maintaining body energy homoeostasis mainly during catabolic states. It mainly occurs in mitochondria and involves a cyclical series of reactions that result in the shortening of fatty acids. Fatty acids comprise an efficient source of energy th

• Employing distinct genetic and pharmacological

  2019-10-22

  

  Employing distinct genetic and pharmacological approaches, Divakaruni et al. now demonstrate that macrophages still acquire their IL-4-elicited phenotype in the absence of CPT1a (considered the main isoform in leukocytes) or CPT2, and highlight that the increased LC-FAO in M(IL-4) cells is less cruc

• Carnitine acetyltransferase CrAT transesterifies short

  2019-10-22

  

  Carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) transesterifies short-chain acyl-CoAs, and is located both in mitochondria and peroxisomes. In yeasts and mammals this protein is the product of a single gene [20,21] and the sorting to different organelles is evolutionary conserved, although the mechanism of diffe

• DMOG The majority of pro inflammatory cytokines

  2019-10-22

  

  The majority of pro-inflammatory cytokines are regulated by NFκB, and recently, it has been found that p38 MAPK partly regulates NFκB-driven gene DMOG by increasing the association of the basal transcriptional factor, TATA-binding protein, with the C terminus of p65 subunit of NFκB and increasing t

• Activating GSK signaling to inhibit

  2019-10-22

  

  Activating GSK3β signaling to inhibit PK signaling during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is protective of WM ischemic injury. Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3), which was the first substrate identified for AKT [44], is inhibited by AKT phosphorylation at positions S9 and S21 [45]. When GSK3β is active, it

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